EdD vs PhD: How to Choose a Doctorate in Education

What’s the Difference Between an Ed.D. and Ph.D. in Education?

An Ed.D. is a professional doctorate designed for practitioners who aspire to educational leadership roles. This degree focuses on applied research and real-world educational challenges. Ed.D. students are trained to lead organizations, institute reforms, and make positive changes within their workplace. Graduates often end up in high-level administrative roles in PreK-20 settings and the corporate world.

A Ph.D. in Education is a terminal doctorate designed for students who wish to pursue a career in academia, policy, or high-level research. This degree focuses on original research and advanced theoretical concepts. Ph.D. students are trained to push the boundaries of educational theory and pave the way for new discoveries in teaching & learning. Graduates typically become university professors, policy experts, and researchers.

Choose an EdD: If you wish to lead schools, districts, or educational organizations.
Choose a PhD: If you wish to become a professor or publish original research.

What is an Ed.D. Program?

An Ed.D. is formally known as a “Doctor of Education” program. An Ed.D. focuses on real-world practice and leadership, making it appealing to working professionals such as teachers, adjunct professors, and education administrators. An Ed.D. has four key benefits:

Practical Applicability: Doctor of Education programs concentrate on applied research in educational settings. So you’ll have plenty of opportunities to put your learning into immediate effect in your workplace. Better yet, an Ed.D. typically culminates with a dissertation, DiP, or capstone that tackles a specific problem of practice. You’ll be able to develop & test solutions to a thorny issue in your field (e.g. reducing drop-out rates, supporting student veterans, improving curricula, etc.). You may even be able to earn endorsements & certifications along the way.
Employment-Friendly: Ed.D. programs are designed for working professionals who are interested in qualifying for educational leadership roles. That means they are often a) structured on a part-time schedule; and b) delivered in an online or low-residency format. Talk to your employer about your career plans. You may be eligible for employee education benefits or other incentives that will help reduce the cost of your degree (e.g. tuition discounts with partner schools).
Professional Collaborations: Doctorates of education are ideal places to learn from peers and expand your career network. You’ll be amongst a crowd of dedicated education professionals in mid-level administrative & leadership positions. A number of doctorate in education programs are arranged in a cohort format, with plenty of opportunities for group work. Some doctorates culminate in team-based capstone projects. Ed.D. graduates even end up hiring each other.
Flexible Time-Frame: Doctor of Education programs tend to be much shorter than Ph.D. in Education programs. The quickest paths are 2-Year Ed.D. Programs, but even standard Ed.D. programs can be finished in 3 years. If you need extra time, many universities will allow you up to 7 years to complete your doctorate.

Ed.D. Admissions Requirements

Degree Requirement: Master’s degree (Ed.S. graduates are often eligible for advanced placement)
Minimum GPA: 3.0 on previous graduate work (standard minimum); 3.25-3.5 for prestigious schools
Résumé: Relevant leadership & work experience (standard minimum is 3 years); professional affiliations, licenses & certifications; examples of educational leadership, research & teaching accomplishments
Letters of Recommendation: Typically 2-3 letters, both academic and professional
Personal Statement: Academic & professional goals; specific interest in a real-world problem of practice; future leadership career plans & applicability of the Ed.D. to your profession
Additional Writing Samples: Often optional
GRE Scores: Often optional or not required

Ed.D. Curriculum

Coursework for the doctorate in education will depend on the concentration—the curriculum for an Ed.D. in Educational Leadership is going to be different to an Ed.D. in Counseling and Psychology. But all Ed.D. programs share the same general structure:

Core Coursework: Theory, practice & policy
Research Courses: Quantitative & qualitative
Concentration Credits & Electives
Internships & Fieldwork
Dissertation, Dissertation in Practice (DiP), or Capstone: Address a Problem of Practice (PoP)

Doctor of Education programs are available in a dizzying area of majors & concentrations. For a detailed exploration, including Ph.D. vs. Ed.D. comparisons for each field, check out the following subject guides:

Ed.D. Career Paths

Ed.D. students often have 3+ years of educational leadership experience before they even start a doctoral program in education. That means Ed.D. graduates often qualify for mid- and high-level positions such as:

PreK-12 Education Administrators (e.g. Principal, Superintendent, etc.)
Instructional Coordinators
Postsecondary Education Administrators
CEOs of Educational Organizations & Companies
Education Lobbyists & Consultants

In fact, many folks choose to make the leap to an Ed.D. after they’ve been advised to by their employers. It’s a practical qualification that often leads to promotions and/or a salary boost in districts, schools, or universities. For a complete rundown of post-graduation opportunities, see our Ed.D. Career & Salary Guide.

What is a Ph.D. in Education?

A Ph.D. is formally known as a “Doctor of Philosophy” program. A Ph.D. in Education is a terminal degree focused on developing original academic research in the field of education. It’s the degree of choice for university professors, researchers, academics, and high-level policy makers. A Ph.D. in Education has four key benefits:

Deep-Dive Research: Unlike Doctor of Education programs, which are usually built on applying existing research, Ph.D. in Education programs are focused on generating new research. Through their discoveries, Ph.D. graduates are expected to push their fields in unique directions and publish scholarly works. If you’re interested in exploring advanced theory & data-informed decision making, you can’t go wrong with a Ph.D. in Education.
Respected in Academic Circles: A Ph.D. in Education is designed to train graduates for higher education faculty positions (e.g. Professor of Education) and top-level research & policy positions. Your Ph.D. training will often contain teaching & research apprenticeships, conference visits, and opportunities to submit to scholarly publications. All of these elements are designed to impress university hiring committees.
Generous Funding: Ph.D. in Education programs are often fully funded—you don’t pay anything for the program. In addition to covering your doctoral tuition, a university may also provide you with a stipend and living quarters. Even if programs aren’t fully funded, you may still be eligible for generous Ph.D. scholarships and fellowships.
Opportunities to Create System-Wide Change: Through your original research, you could end up rethinking best practices, teaching & learning strategies, and established government policies. This could be the starting point for change in the system, especially if you’re training the next generation of educational leaders.

Ph.D. in Education Admissions Requirements

Degree Requirement: Master’s degree or doctorate (some Ph.D. programs will accept bachelor’s degree graduates)
Minimum GPA: 3.0 on previous graduate work (standard minimum); 3.25-3.5 for prestigious schools
Résumé: Relevant work experience; professional affiliations, licenses & certifications; educational research expertise & publications
Letters of Recommendation: Typically 2-3 letters, both academic and professional
Personal Statement: Academic & professional goals; background in research & interest in advanced research topics; future career plans, teaching interest & research aspirations
Additional Writing Samples: Examples might include: academic term paper; analytical essay; published research paper; training manual or curriculum; clinical case formulation
GRE Scores: Often optional

Ph.D. in Education Curriculum

As you might expect, Ph.D. in Education programs tend to be heavy on research, theory, methodologies, and ethics. Colleges of Education want to provide you with all the advanced tools you need to complete your dissertation. You’ll be looking at:

Core Coursework: Often with a research slant
Research Courses: Quantitative & qualitative
Concentration Credits
Doctoral Colloquia/Seminars
Research & Teaching Apprenticeships
Traditional Dissertation

In addition to passing courses, Ph.D. in Education students are often required to hit various degree benchmarks. These include:

Doctoral Presentations
Comprehensive Exams
Publishable Articles
Literature Review
Oral Defense of Proposed Research Topic
Final Dissertation Defense

A Ph.D. will feature many of the same majors & concentrations as an Ed.D. program, including Educational Leadership. But it’s worth doing a little digging. Colleges of Education often offer unique Ph.D. in Education specializations that play to their strengths. For example:

The Ph.D. in Education from Harvard’s Graduate School of Education (GSE) is available in 3 concentrations: 1) Culture, Institutions, and Society; 2) Education Policy and Program Evaluation; and 3) Human Development, Learning and Teaching.
The Ph.D. in Education from Rowan’s Global Campus comes in 5 concentrations: 1) Counselor Education; 2) Literacy Education; 3) Higher and Postsecondary Education; 4) Special Education; and 5) Urban and Diverse Learning Environments.
The Ph.D. in Education from UNC’s School of Education includes 4 concentrations: 1) Applied Developmental Sciences & Special Education (ADSSE); 2) Learning Sciences & Psychological Studies (LSPS); 3) Policy, Leadership & School Improvement (PLS); and 4) Culture, Curriculum & Teacher Education (CCTE).

The most important element in the Ph.D. equation is going to be your faculty advisor/mentor—this is the person who will guide you through your research work and your dissertation. Once you have a concentration or two in mind, start looking into the background of professors. Collaboration is going to be key.

Ph.D. in Education Career Paths

Ph.D. in Education students are trained to be experts in research and university-level teaching. So it follows that jobs for graduates are focused in these two realms:

University Professor/Education Faculty
Research Specialist
Director of Education
Education Program Manager
Senior-Level Policy Researcher/Analyst

But keep an open mind on career paths. Ph.D. in Education graduates can also be found in educational leadership positions within PreK-20 settings (e.g. University President), government, consultancies, and non-profits. You don’t have to go into academia.

Compare the Ed.D. and Ph.D. in Education

	Ed.D.	Ph.D. in Education
OFFICIAL NAME	Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)	Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
FOCUS	Practice-Focused	Research-Focused
EMPHASIS	Professional Leadership & Applied Research	Original Education Research & Advanced Theory
CONCENTRATIONS	Multiple Options	Multiple Options
COURSEWORK	Applied Research & Theory Tackling Real-World Problems of Practice Gaining Workplace & Leadership Skills	Qualitative & Quantitative Research Investigating Complex Theories & Methodologies Breaking Ground on High-Level Research
TRAINING	Fieldwork & Laboratories of Practice Workplace Internships Group-Based Projects	Research Seminars Teaching Apprenticeships Conference Presentations
DISSERTATION	Traditional Dissertation, Dissertation in Practice (DiP) or Capstone Project	Traditional 5-Chapter Dissertation
TIME TO COMPLETION	2.5-7 Years; 3 Years Average Often Part-Time	3-6 Years Typically Full-Time
TYPICAL CAREER PATH	Professional Educational Leadership Roles	Academic & High-Level Research Roles
ONLINE AVAILABILITY	Widespread	Limited; Hybrid or In-Person the Norm
TUITION FUNDING	Limited	Full Funding Often Available
AVERAGE SALARY AFTER GRADUATION	~$90K–$120K+ (admin roles)	~$75K–$100K (academic roles)

Online Delivery for Ed.D. vs. Ph.D. Programs

Ed.D. Online Availability

Ed.D. programs are built for working professionals, so many universities offer online or low residency doctorates in education. Even if you are expected to come to campus, it will only be for brief residencies or degree benchmarks (e.g. dissertation defense).

For a comprehensive overview of your options, check out the Online Ed.D. Rankings & Nationwide Directory of Programs. You’ll be able to choose from a huge range of concentrations.

Ph.D. in Education Online Availability

Ph.D. in Education programs have traditionally been offered on campus. In this way, Ph.D. students have immediate access to:

Faculty advisors & mentors
University lecture rooms for their teaching assistantships
A huge range of university resources (e.g. libraries, research institutes & labs, affiliated K-12 schools, etc.)

Online Ph.D. in Education programs do exist, but they tend to be offered by private online universities instead of brick & mortar institutions. These aren’t going to look very good on a résumé.

If you need to be at home, you could consider a low residency option from a regionally accredited university (e.g. Rowan, Lesley, etc.). COVID-19 has caused a shake-up in learning practices, so you may see more of these programs being offered in the future.

Students School Studying Learning Education Concept

Ed.D. vs. Ph.D. in Education: What Do Experts Say?

To learn more about the differences between Ed.D. and Ph.D. in Education programs, we spoke with Dr. Jill Perry, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Practice at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Perry serves as Executive Director of the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED), a network of universities that collaborate to make the Ed.D. a stronger professional practice doctorate. She has 30+ years of experience in educational leadership and program development, professional doctorate preparation research, and classroom teaching.

Learn more about Dr. Perry’s work at the University of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED). You can also watch the great video that CPED put together on the Ed.D. vs Ph.D. discussion.

Question: Where did the misconception of the Ph.D. being “better” than the Ed.D. come from?

The Ph.D. has been around for centuries. It’s been associated with developing expertise in a certain content area and pursuing an academic or research career that would generate more knowledge about that content through various forms of study. The U.S. Ph.D. is modeled after the German Ph.D., which is designed to prepare students to conduct empirical research. When the Ed.D. was created at Harvard in 1920-21, it was developed as a degree for a burgeoning group of leaders in the Boston Public School System. The inventor of the degree, Henry Holmes, wanted to create a professional title and degree for men who would supervise several schools at a time (essentially the superintendency). He used the Ph.D. design but subtracted research courses (and eventually the language requirement) and allowed candidates to study practical issues in schools. Additionally, he recruited Ph.D. faculty to teach in the program. From there, the degree was adopted at institutions around the country and treated as a practitioner degree with fewer credits/courses than the research degree for the School of Education. You can read more about the issue in “What History Reveals about the Education Doctorate.”

Question: Why is this notion misguided?

The Ph.D. is not better than the Ed.D. They are different degrees with different purposes. The distinction is similar to the distinction between a Ph.D. in Biochemistry and an M.D.—a Ph.D. student conducts research to generate new knowledge for the medical field, whereas the M.D. student is a practitioner who works directly with patients. They are taught different skills for different careers. The distinction between the Ed.D. and Ph.D. in Education is the same. The Ph.D. student conducts research to understand the world of education, whereas the Ed.D. student learns the skills needed to apply research and inquiry to improve the practice of education and the multitude of problems the field faces.

Question: How has the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED) helped to strengthen the Ed.D.?

CPED is a consortium of over 160 University Schools of Education and their Ed.D. programs. We have worked collaboratively at the faculty level to develop an understanding of what practitioners need to be able to transform practice with skills learned in Ed.D. programs. In doing so, we have created a Framework that guides members (and non-members) in developing Ed.D. programs that focus on preparing students to become Scholarly Practitioners (see video), or those that blend practical wisdom with inquiry and research to improve local problems. We do not view the Ed.D. as “less than” a Ph.D. Rather, we view it as a professional degree that requires preparation in skills, knowledge, and dispositions that result in practitioners who can change, improve, and impact educational settings. Students complete a Dissertation in Practice or scholarly endeavor that impacts a complex problem of practice (see Video). Our framework is intentionally flexible so that members can adapt it to their local context and needs to design the strongest program they can for practitioners.

Question: There’s a lot of advice on the benefits of pursuing an Ed.D., but are there situations when you advise against pursuing it?

If you want to become a tenure track faculty member or a researcher in a company such as the RAND corporation, you wouldn’t want the Ed.D. While CPED emphasizes the strong role that research and inquiry have in Ed.D. programs, we stress that these skills are taught to be applied to practice for immediate change and improvement. Those who do research for publication need to learn a different research skill set—how to design studies that result in generalizable knowledge or development of theories. They need to learn how to publish their work in journals, how to advise students, and how to teach. The job description of a tenure-line faculty position is vastly different than the job of a superintendent of schools or a VP of Student Affairs. Their training should also be different. We do see Ed.D. graduates in academia, however. There are those who were trained under the Ed.D. when it was exactly the same as a traditional research degree. These faculty are researchers. We also see retired practitioners who assume clinical faculty positions where they teach from their practice perspective and are not expected to do academic research.

Question: What does the future of the Ed.D. look like? How do you see it changing over the next five to ten years?

The Ed.D. is roughly 105 years old and has largely been confused with the Ph.D. during most of that timeframe. Since CPED began in 2007, our member institutions have done much to shift the understanding and the design of Ed.D. programs towards a doctorate that is the highest form of preparation for educational practitioners whose purpose is to transform practice. We see the future of the Ed.D. as continuing to strengthen as a professional degree and graduates demonstrating their ability to better lead and improve educational settings. We will see stronger and clearer distinctions with the kinds of research practitioners learn and do in these programs and dissertations that have more impact on educational practice. We anticipate the Ed.D. will become more accessible, interdisciplinary, tech-savvy, and socially conscious. It’s value will rise, especially for leaders who want to drive change in the very real-world of education and the organizations that support education.

Ed.D. vs. Ph.D. in Education: What Do Graduates Say?

Is Pursuing an Ed.D. Worth It?

An Ed.D. is a worthwhile qualification, but only if you know what you’re going to use it for. No one should be earning an Ed.D. without speaking to their employer and alumni first. Most Ed.D. graduates say that their experience was worth it. But that’s also because they were looking for a workplace-focused doctorate with a lot of practical applications.

You’ll also need to think about the worth of the program itself. Will you be encouraged by your Ed.D. professors to try new approaches? Will you enjoy the internships and the laboratories of practice? Will you be able to take advantage of the career resources? Will you be satisfied with a less research-intensive program than a Ph.D.? If not, don’t do it.

Which Doctorate is More Valued in the Workplace?

In the world of academia and science-based disciplines, doctoral graduates say the answer is simple—a Ph.D. is the most valuable degree to hold. It shows employers that you have spent years working on research in your field. Even the most rigorous Ed.D. programs don’t contain 3-6 years of full-time study. When it comes to faculty positions and high-level research openings, a Ph.D. candidate is almost always going to trump an Ed.D. candidate.

But plenty of graduates point out that “value” is a loaded term. An Ed.D. may be incredibly valuable if you’re working on earning your principal or superintendent certification, applying for a pay rise within your district, or looking for an executive leadership degree that will transform your approach to educational administration. It’s horses for courses.

Why Are Ed.D. Programs Looked Down Upon?

Graduates point out that one of the reasons that the Ed.D. has a reputation for lower quality is because mediocre universities use the degree as a “cash cow.” They produce poorly planned online programs, lower their admissions standards, and ask students to pay high prices for a doctorate. This has the unfortunate effect of devaluing Ed.D. programs offered by top-notch Colleges of Education.

If you are thinking of earning an Ed.D., be aware that you may run into this preconception. The best way to combat the stigma is to choose a well-reviewed program that is designed to help you achieve your specific career goals. Look for programs that have joined the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED) and whose faculty are actively working to design programs that support practitioners in becoming Scholarly Practitioners. Then you won’t care what others say—because you’ll be enjoying the benefits of your new job.

Ed.D. vs. Ph.D. in Education: 5 Questions to Ask Yourself

1. Why Do I Want to Earn an Education Doctorate?

Any doctoral program in education is going to require a significant investment of time & resources. So it’s important to ask yourself this basic question. Sometimes the answer is simple:

You wish to use your Ed.D. to make thoughtful & research-driven improvements in your school, district, college/university, or educational realm.
You need an Ed.D. in order to qualify for a specific job position (e.g. Superintendent).
You want to earn a Ph.D. in order to become a Professor of Education at a college or university.
You’d like to apply your Ph.D. research to governmental policy or education program development.

But we know that sometimes the answer is complicated. If you’re struggling with your decision, talk to everyone—recent graduates, professional mentors, LinkedIn contacts, colleagues—anyone who can give you seasoned advice.

2. What Are My Long-Term Career Goals?

Make a list of your 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year career goals. This will give you a sense of whether you’re heading in a professional direction (e.g. Ed.D.) or a research-focused direction (e.g. Ph.D.).

Once you have your list in hand, have a look at recent job postings for your ideal career. In reality, an Ed.D. or a Ph.D. is acceptable for a number of high-level educational leadership & teaching positions. Choose a doctoral program in education that suits you best.

3. What Are the Practical Considerations?

The following factors are going to weigh heavily in your decision:

Time-Frame: Doctor of Education programs tend to be shorter than Ph.D. programs and built for working professionals.
Budget: Ph.D. in Education programs are often fully funded; you’ll usually have to find your own scholarships & funding for Ed.D. programs.
Online vs. On-Campus: Online Ed.D. Programs are commonplace; Ph.D. in Education programs are typically on-campus or low residency.
Peer Interaction: Doctor of Education students will have opportunities for team collaborations and workplace interactions; Ph.D. in Education students will get to teach undergraduates and work closely with a faculty advisor.

4. Is a Doctoral Program in Education Worth the Money?

This question is particularly important when you’re considering the Ed.D. If you don’t need a doctorate in education to qualify for a job, you’ll have to decide whether you’re willing to fork out tens of thousands of dollars and spend 3 years of your life in study. For budget-friendly options, see our rankings of the Most Affordable Online Ed.D. Programs.

Even if you’re in a fully funded Ph.D. program, you still have to reckon with the long time commitment, the quality of faculty members, and the reputation of the university. Getting stuck in a terrible Ph.D. program can be extremely tough on a person’s mental health. Demand the very best in your education.

5. Have I Talked to Enough People?

This is the best tip we can give you. The more people you talk to, the clearer the skies will become.

Workplace Mentors: Make time to sit down with mentors or peers and chat to them about your aspirations. They may have ideas for avenues that you haven’t even considered (e.g. Ed.S. with the option to pursue an Ed.D. later down the track).
Recent Alumni: Universities will often be able to connect you to recent graduates of their doctoral programs in education. Talk to alumni about what worked and what didn’t.
Career Inspirations: People often list their doctoral achievements on their LinkedIn profiles—you can ask Ph.D. in Education and Ed.D. graduates about why they made that choice.
Family: Your education choice is going to affect the people around you. Budgets will get tight. Recreational hours will disappear. Time for chores will vanish. It’s important to discuss the benefits & disadvantages before you get locked into a commitment.